Tsarin Zane da Haɓakawa Mai Dogaro ga Mai Amfani na Maɓalli na Hasken Mai Hikima don Tsarin Na'urori Masu Auna

1. Gabatarwa

Wannan binciken ya mai da hankali kan tsarin zane mai dogaro ga mai amfani (UCD) na maɓalli na haske mai hikima, da nufin ayyana motsin hannu na halitta da kuma mai sauƙin fahimta don sarrafa shi. Manufar ita ce haɓaka mu'amalar mai amfani mai taɓawa da yawa da maɓalli na haske mai hikima mai tushen taɓawa wanda za'a iya haɗa shi cikin yanayin gida da ke akwai da kuma igiyoyin lantarki, tare ko kuma babu tsarin hikima da ya riga ya wanzu. Binciken ya magance wani gibi mai mahimmanci a cikin mu'amalar gida mai hikima, inda ayyuka masu sarkakiya sukan haifar da ƙarancin ƙwarewar mai amfani.

1.1. Hasken Mai Hikima

Hasken mai hikima shi ne ginshiƙi na gine-gine masu hikima masu amfani da makamashi. Bayan sarrafawa na asali na kunna/kashe, ana son ayyuka masu ci gaba kamar duhu, sarrafa ƙungiyoyi, na'urorin ƙidayar lokaci, da saitin. Duk da haka, galibi ana binne waɗannan ayyukan a cikin ƙa'idodin wayar hannu, wanda ke haifar da rabuwa daga maɓalli na zahiri. Tsarin kasuwanci kamar Philips Hue da LIFX suna aiki akan ƙa'idodi kamar ZigBee amma galibi suna dogaro da na'urori na biyu (gadaje) da ƙa'idodin wayar hannu don sarrafa ci gaba, suna nuna buƙatar ƙarin haɗin kai da mu'amala ta farko mai sauƙin fahimta.

2. Hanyar Bincike

Aikin ya yi amfani da tsari mai tsari na tsarin zane mai dogaro ga mai amfani don tabbatar da cewa samfurin ƙarshe ya yi daidai da bukatun mai amfani da tsarin fahimta.

2.1. Tsarin Zane Mai Dogaro ga Mai Amfani

Tsarin UCD ya ƙunshi zagayawa na zane, ƙirƙirar samfuri, da gwaji tare da masu amfani na ƙarshe masu yuwuwa. An tattara buƙatun farko don fahimtar matsalolin da ke tattare da maɓallai masu hikima da ke akwai, tare da mai da hankali kan sha'awar sauƙi, sarrafa kai tsaye, da koyon abu ba tare da littattafan ba.

2.2. Ma'anar Motsin Hannu & Ƙirƙirar Samfuri na Takarda

An fara bincika kuma an tabbatar da motsin hannu mai sauƙin fahimta don sarrafa haske (misali, taɓawa don sauya, zamewa don duhu, matsewa don zaɓar ƙungiyoyi) ta amfani da ƙananan samfuran takarda masu inganci. Wannan hanya mai arha ta ba da damar saurin maimaitawa da ra'ayin mai amfani akan ma'anar motsin hannu kafin haɓakar kayan aiki.

3. Tsarin Tsari & Gine-gine

Tsarin da aka tsara ya ƙunshi mu'amalar kayan aiki da dabaru na software waɗanda ke da ikon aiki da kansu ko haɗawa cikin cibiyoyin sadarwar gida mai hikima.

3.1. Kayan Aiki & Mu'amalar Fuskar Taɓawa

Babban kayan aiki shine fuskar taɓawa mai ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyi wanda ke aiki a matsayin babbar mu'amalar mai amfani. An tsara shi don maye gurbin maɓalli na bango na yau da kullun, wanda ya dace da akwatunan lantarki na gama gari. Fuskar tana ba da ra'ayi na gani (misali, alamun LED) don nuna matsayin tsarin da ƙungiyoyin haske da aka zaɓa.

3.2. Software & Dabaru na Sarrafawa

Na'urar sarrafawa tana gudanar da algorithms na gane motsin hannu da dabaru na sarrafawa. Software tana tsara takamaiman tsarin taɓawa (motsin hannu) zuwa umarnin haske. Tana sarrafa fitilu ɗaya ɗaya da ƙungiyoyin da aka riga aka ayyana, yana ba da damar sarrafawa ta hanyar mu'amala guda ɗaya.

3.3. Haɗawa da Tsarin da ke Akwai

Wani muhimmin buƙatu na zane shine daidaitawa na baya. Maɓallin zai iya aiki a cikin yanayi biyu: (1) Yanayin Aiki da Kai: Yana sarrafa fitilun da aka haɗa kai tsaye ta hanyar relay, wanda ya dace da igiyoyin lantarki na yau da kullun. (2) Yanayin Cibiyar Sadarwa: Zai iya haɗawa da tsarin gida mai hikima da ke akwai ta amfani da ƙa'idodi na gama gari (misali, ZigBee, Z-Wave da aka ambata a cikin rubutun) don yin aiki a matsayin kumburin sarrafawa a cikin babban yanayin halitta.

4. Sakamakon Gwaji & Gwajin Amfanin Amfani

Bayan haɓaka samfuri mai aiki, an gudanar da gwaji na yau da kullun na amfanin amfani don kimanta zanen.

4.1. Saitin Gwaji & Bayanan Mahalarta

Gwaji ya ƙunshi mahalarta suna aiwatar da jerin ayyuka (kunna/kashe fitilu, duhu, sauyawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin haske) ta amfani da samfurin zahiri a cikin yanayin ɗakin zama da aka kwaikwayi. An tattara ma'auni na ƙididdiga (lokaci akan aiki, yawan kuskure) da ra'ayi na inganci.

4.2. Ma'auni na Aiki & Ra'ayin Mai Amfani

Sakamakon ya nuna cewa tsarin zane mai dogaro ga mai amfani yana da mahimmanci don ƙirƙirar maɓalli mai kyakkyawar ƙwarewar mai amfani. Motsin hannu da aka gwada da samfurin takarda sun fassara yadda ya kamata zuwa mu'amalar zahiri. Masu amfani sun ba da rahoton gamsuwa sosai da yanayin sauƙin fahimta na sarrafawa, musamman suna yaba da ikon yin ayyuka masu sarkakiya (kamar daidaita fitilu da yawa) kai tsaye akan maɓallin bango ba tare da buƙatar waya ba.

Bayanin Jadawali (Tunani): Jadawali na sanduna zai nuna "Lokacin Kammala Aiki" don sabon maɓalli mai hikima da maɓalli na hikima na al'ada tare da sarrafa ci gaba mai dogaro da ƙa'ida. Jadawalin zai nuna raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin lokacin kammala aiki don duhu na ƙungiya da zaɓin yanayi ta amfani da motsin hannu na taɓawa kai tsaye akan maɓallin da aka tsara.

5. Muhimman Fahimta & Tattaunawa

• Fahimta Ana Iya Horar da Ita Amma Mafi Kyau Lokacin da Take Cikin Halitta: Motsin hannu da aka samo daga gwajin mai amfani (kamar zamewa don duhu) sun sami mafi girman yawan amfani fiye da waɗanda masu zane suka ƙirƙira.
• "Jiki" na Sarrafawa Yana Da Muhimmanci: Mu'amala ta musamman, mai samuwa koyaushe ta bango tana ba da ma'anar sarrafawa nan take da aminci wanda mafita masu tushen ƙa'ida ba su da shi.
• Sauƙi a cikin Sarkakiya: Zanen ya yi nasara ya ɓoye sarkakiya mai hikima na gida (haɗawa, yanayi) a bayan motsin hannu masu sauƙi, masu ganowa.
• UCD Ba za a iya Sasantawa ba don Gidaje Masu Hikima: Binciken ya tabbatar da cewa tsallake tabbatar da mai amfani don goyon bayan haɓakar fasalin fasaha yana haifar da samfuran da ke da ƙarfi amma suna ba da takaici.

6. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Duk da yake PDF ba ta ba da cikakkun bayanai na takamaiman algorithms ba, gane motsin hannu don mu'amala mai taɓawa da yawa yawanci ya ƙunshi bin diddigin wuraren taɓawa akan lokaci. Samfurin da aka sauƙaƙa don bambance motsin hannu na "zamewa" (don duhu) daga "taɓawa" zai iya dogara ne akan saurin gudu da ƙofofin ƙaura.

Bari $\vec{p_0}$ ya zama daidaitawar taɓawa ta farko kuma $\vec{p_t}$ ya zama daidaitawa a lokacin $t$. Vector ɗin ƙaura shine $\vec{d} = \vec{p_t} - \vec{p_0}$. Matsakaicin girman saurin gudu $v$ akan tsawon lokacin motsin hannu $T$ shine:

$v = \frac{|\vec{d}|}{T}$

Ana gane "zamewa" idan $v > v_{threshold}$ da $|\vec{d}| > d_{threshold}$, inda ƙofofin aka ƙaddara ta hanyar gwaji yayin lokacin ƙirƙirar samfuri na takarda da gwaji don dacewa da tsammanin mai amfani don aikin duhu da gangan da taɓawa na bazata. Wannan ya yi daidai da ƙa'idodin HCI na asali don zanen motsin hannu da aka tattauna a cikin albarkatu kamar jagororin ACM SIGCHI.

7. Tsarin Bincike: Nazarin Lamari

Yanayi: Kimanta sabon fasalin "taɓawa sau biyu don kunna yanayi".

Aikace-aikacen Tsarin:

1. Manufar Mai Amfani: Saita ɗakin zama cikin sauri zuwa "Yanayin Fim" (duhu manyan fitilu, kunna hasken son zuciya).
2. Mu'amalar da aka Tsara: Taɓawa sau biyu akan alamar maɓalli da ke wakiltar ƙungiyar ɗakin zama.
3. Tambayoyin Tabbatar da UCD:
   • Shin "taɓawa sau biyu" tsarin tunanin mai amfani yana danganta shi da "canjin yanayi" ko "ƙarin zaɓuɓɓuka"? (Kwatanta da al'adun OS na wayar hannu).
   • Shin ra'ayi (misali, canjin launi ko bugun haptic na ɗan gajeren lokaci) bayan taɓawa ta farko ya isa ya nuna tsarin yana shirye don taɓawa ta biyu?
   • Menene matsakaicin jinkirin da ake yarda da shi tsakanin taɓawa (T) wanda har yanzu yana jin kamar motsin hannu na ganganci guda ɗaya? Wannan yana buƙatar gwajin mai amfani don ayyana $T_{max}$.
4. Gwaji: Gwaji A/B tare da samfuran takarda: Sigar A tana amfani da taɓawa sau biyu, Sigar B tana amfani da "taɓawa da riƙewa". Auna yawan nasara da fifikon mai amfani.

8. Ayyukan Gaba & Hanyoyin Haɓakawa

• Sanin Mahalli: Haɗa na'urori masu auna hasken infrared (PIR) ko hasken mahalli don ba da damar halayen atomatik (misali, duhu a hankali lokacin faɗuwar rana) yayin riƙe mu'amalar taɓawa don wuce gona da iri.
• Haɓaka Ra'ayin Haptic: Ai watar haptics masu ci gaba (kamar waɗanda kamfanoni kamar Tanvas suka bincika) don kwaikwayi nau'ikan jiki don ayyuka daban-daban (misali, jin "notchy" lokacin daidaita duhu).
• Mu'amala Mai Sauƙi & Keɓancewa: Ba da damar masu amfani su ayyana nasu tsarin motsin hannu-zuwa-aiki ta hanyar ƙa'ida mai sauƙi, keɓance mu'amalar.
• Ci gaba na Ƙetare Na'ura: Maɓallin zai iya zama anga na zahiri don sarrafawa, tare da yanayinsa da yanayin yin aiki tare da ƙa'idar wayar hannu don samun dama mai nisa, kama da fasalin ci gaba a cikin yanayin HomeKit na Apple.
• Daidaitawar Motsin Hannu Mai Ƙarfin AI: Za a iya amfani da koyon inji don daidaita hankalin motsin hannu ($v_{threshold}$, $d_{threshold}$) zuwa salon mu'amalar mai amfani ɗaya akan lokaci.

9. Nassoshi

1. Koskela, T., & Väänänen-Vainio-Mattila, K. (2004). Juyin Halitta zuwa yanayin gida mai hikima: kimanta ƙima na mu'amalar mai amfani guda uku. Kwamfuta na Sirri da Ko'ina, 8(3), 234–240.
2. Mozer, M. C. (2005). Darussa daga gida mai daidaitawa. A cikin Yanayi masu hikima: fasahohi, ƙa'idodi, da aikace-aikace (shafi na 273-294). John Wiley & Sons.
3. Ƙungiyar ZigBee. (2012). Ma'aunin Hasken Hasken ZigBee. Ƙungiyar ZigBee.
4. Norman, D. A. (2013). Zanen abubuwan yau da kullun: Bita da faɗaɗa. Littattafai na asali. (Babban nassi don ƙa'idodin UCD).
5. ISO 9241-210:2019. Ergonomics na mu'amalar ɗan adam-da tsarin — Kashi na 210: Tsarin zane mai da hankali kan ɗan adam don tsarin mu'amala.
6. Philips Hue. (2023). Cikakkun Bayanai na Tsarin Hukuma. An samo daga [Gidan Yanar Gizon Philips Hue].

10. Bincike na Asali & Sharhin Kwararru

Babban Fahimta: Wannan takarda ce mai tsauri, mai buƙatar tunatarwa cewa a cikin gudun zinare zuwa "Intanet na Abubuwa," mun manta da "Mu'amala don Mutane" da yawa. Aikin Seničar da Tomc ba kawai game da mafi kyawun maɓalli na haske ba ne; aikin gyara ne a kan akidar da ta mamaye cewa wayoyin hannu su ne na'urar sarrafa duniya don rayuwa. Babban fahimtarsu ita ce, haƙiƙanin hikima a cikin gida mai hikima ba game da haɗin kai na girgije ko yawan na'urar auna ba ne—game da ingancin fahimta ne. Na'urar mai hikima da ke buƙatar littafin jagora, zazzagewar ƙa'idar wayar hannu, da nutsewa cikin jerin abubuwan da ba a bayyana ba don duhun haske, bisa ma'anar, wawa ne. Binciken ya yi nasara ya sake mayar da matsalar kan tsarin tunanin mai amfani da mahallin jiki, ba jerin fasalin injiniya ba.

Kwararar Ma'ana: Hanyar ita ce mafi ƙarfin kadara na takarda. Yana bin tsohuwar, amma galibi ana tsallakewa, bututun HCI: gano matsala (mu'amalar gida mai hikima mara kyau) → hasashe (motsin hannu mai sauƙin fahimta akan fuskar jiki zai inganta UX) → tabbatar da ƙarancin inganci (samfuran takarda) → aiwatar da inganci mai girma → gwaji na gwaji. Wannan kwararar yana kwatanta mafi kyawun ayyuka da aka zayyana a cikin rubutun tushe kamar Zanen Abubuwan Yau da Kullun na Don Norman kuma an tsara shi a cikin ma'auni kamar ISO 9241-210. Tsalle-tsalle na ma'ana daga motsin hannu na takarda zuwa samfuri mai aiki wanda ke haɗawa da igiyoyin lantarki na gaske da hanyoyin sadarwa masu yuwuwa (ZigBee, Z-Wave) shine inda injiniyan da aka yi amfani da shi ya haɗu da kyakkyawan ka'idar zane.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai:
Ƙarfi: Sadaukarwa ga daidaitawa na baya (aiki tare da/ba tare da tsarin hikima ba) yana da hazaka na kasuwanci kuma mai da hankali kan mai amfani. Yana rage shingen shiga. Amfani da ƙirƙirar samfuri na takarda shine dabarar inganci mai tsada, mai dawowa mai girma wanda ƙungiyoyin samfura da yawa suka yi koyi da su. Mai da hankali kan maɓallin bango a matsayin na farko, ba na biyu ba, ya ƙalubalanci ka'idojin masana'antu.
Kurakurai: Iyakokin takarda shine babban iyakarsa. Ya warware matsalar "sarrafawa" amma kawai ya taɓa batutuwan "atomatik" da "sanin" na haƙiƙanin hikima na mahalli. Ta yaya wannan maɓalli ke mu'amala da na'urar auna motsi don guje wa kashe fitilu yayin da wani yake karatu? Saitin motsin hannu, duk da cewa yana da sauƙin fahimta, bazai iya daidaitawa da kyau don sarrafa na'urori 50+ a cikin babban gida ba. Haka nan akwai tattaunawar da ta ɓace game da samun dama—ta yaya mai amfani mai nakasar gani zai yi mu'amala da wannan fuskar taɓawa mai santsi? Idan aka kwatanta da ƙarin tsarin bincike na gaba ɗaya kamar aikin Gida Mai Daidaitawa na Mozer, wanda ya yi amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi don koyon al'amuran mazauna, wannan aikin ya fi mayar da hankali kan hanyar shigar da bayanai.