Zane da Haɓakawa Mai Maida Hankali ga Mai Amfani na Maɓalli Mai Hikima na Hasken Tsarin Na'urori Masu Auna Abubuwa

1. Gabatarwa

Wannan binciken ya mayar da hankali kan zanen maɓalli mai hikima wanda ya fi dacewa da mai amfani (UCD), da nufin ayyana motsin jiki na halitta da kuma sauƙin fahimta don sarrafa shi. Manufar ita ce haɓaka mu'amala mai amfani da yawa ta taɓawa da kuma maɓalli mai hikima na taɓawa wanda za'a iya haɗa shi cikin yanayin gida da kuma igiyoyin lantarki da suka wanzu, ko da akwai tsarin hikima a baya ko a'a. Binciken ya magance wani gibi mai mahimmanci a cikin mu'amalar gida mai hikima, inda hanyoyin sarrafawa sau da yawa ba su da sauƙin fahimta, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin amfani da mai amfani.

1.1. Hasken Mai Hikima

Hasken mai hikima wani muhimmin sashi ne na gine-gine masu hikima masu amfani da makamashi. Bayan ajiye makamashi, yana da tasiri sosai kan yanayi da aikin wani wuri. Duk da haka, mu'amalar mai amfani don sarrafa hasken har yanzu wani rauni ne. Magungunan kasuwanci kamar Philips Hue da LIFX sau da yawa suna dogaro sosai akan aikace-aikacen wayar hannu, wanda ke haifar da rabuwa daga sarrafawa ta jiki kai tsaye. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa mu'amala ta jiki mai sauƙin fahimta tana da mahimmanci don haɗawa cikin rayuwar yau da kullun ba tare da matsala ba.

2. Hanyar Zane Mai Maida Hankali ga Mai Amfani

Aikin ya yi amfani da tsari mai tsauri na UCD. Matakan farko sun haɗa da ayyana bukatun mai amfani ta hanyar bincike na mahallin da kuma nazarin ayyuka. An ƙirƙiri ƙirar takarda mara inganci don gwadawa da inganta motsin taɓawa mai sauƙin fahimta don sarrafa hasken (misali, zamewa don rage haske, danna don kunna/kashe, motsin yatsu da yawa don sarrafa rukuni). Wannan gwaji mai maimaitawa tare da masu amfani masu yuwuwa shine tsakiyar gano motsin da ya ji "na halitta" kuma yana buƙatar ƙaramin koyo.

3. Tsarin Tsarin & Haɓaka Samfuri

Tsarin da aka haɓaka yana haɗa matakan jiki da na dijital na sarrafa gida.

3.1. Abubuwan Kayan Aiki

Samfurin jiki ya ƙunshi allon taɓawa mai yawa (capacitive multi-touch panel) wanda ke aiki a matsayin babban mu'amala, na'urar sarrafawa ta micro (MCU) don sarrafa shigarwa da dabaru, da kuma tsarin relay don sauya da'irorin hasken AC na yau da kullun. Zanen ya jaddada ikon sake gyara cikin akwatunan maɓalli na bango na yau da kullun.

3.2. Ma'anar Motsin Jiki & Zanen Mu'amala

Dangane da gwajin samfurin takarda, an tsara ainihin tsarin motsin jiki:

Danna Guda: Sauya haske/rukuni kunna/kashe.
Zamewa a Tsaye: Daidaita haske (sama don haske, ƙasa don duhu).
Danna Yatsu Biyu: Zaɓi/sarrafa rukunin hasken da aka riga aka ayyana.
Riƙe: Samun damar saituna na ci gaba (misali, zafin launi don fitilun da suka dace).

Mu'amala tana ba da ra'ayi na gani ta hanyar alamun LED ko kuma nuni mai sauƙi da aka haɗa.

4. Gwajin Amfani da Sakamako

Gwaje-gwajen amfani tare da samfurin aiki sun auna inganci, inganci, da gamsuwa. Muhimman ma'auni sun haɗa da lokacin kammala aiki, ƙimar kuskure, da ra'ayi na mutum ta hanyar takardun tambayoyi (misali, Ma'aunin Amfani na Tsarin - SUS). Sakamakon ya nuna cewa motsin jiki da aka samo daga UCD ya rage lokacin koyo na farko sosai idan aka kwatanta da mu'amalar maɓalli mai hikima na al'ada. Masu amfani sun ba da rahoton babban gamsuwa da sauƙin fahimta na sarrafawa kai tsaye, wanda ya tabbatar da matakin samfurin takarda.

5. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Za'a iya ƙirƙira algorithm na gano taɓawa don tace amo da tabbatar da motsin jiki. Wani samfurin sauƙi na gano saurin zamewa, wanda ke da mahimmanci don bambanta tsakanin danna da zamewa, shine:

$v = \frac{\Delta d}{\Delta t} = \frac{\sqrt{(x_2 - x_1)^2 + (y_2 - y_1)^2}}{t_2 - t_1}$

Inda $v$ ke nufin sauri, $(x_1, y_1)$ da $(x_2, y_2)$ su ne ma'auni na taɓawa a lokutan $t_1$ da $t_2$. Ana rarraba motsin jiki a matsayin zamewa idan $v > v_{threshold}$, inda aka ƙaddara $v_{threshold}$ ta hanyar gwaji yayin daidaitawa don dacewa da halayen mai amfani. Wannan ya yi daidai da ƙa'idodin asali na HCI don gane motsin jiki, kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin albarkatu kamar Jagororin Mu'amalar ɗan Adam na Apple's iOS.

6. Tsarin Bincike: Fahimta ta Asali & Zargi

Fahimta ta Asali: Mahimmancin ainihin takardar ba ya cikin sabbin kayan aiki amma a cikin aiwatar da UCD sosai zuwa wani muhimmin mahaɗin da aka yi watsi da shi: maɓallin bango. Ya gano daidai cewa gazawar gida mai hikima sau da yawa tana faruwa a matakin mu'amala, ba matakin cibiyar sadarwa ba. Yayin da manyan kamfanoni kamar Google da Apple ke tura samfuran da suka fi mayar da hankali kan aikace-aikace, wannan aikin yana jayayya don "fasahar natsuwa" wacce ke zaune a gefe har sai an buƙace ta, wani ra'ayi da Mark Weiser ya goyi bayansa.

Matsala ta Hankali: Hankalin binciken yana da inganci: gane matsala (mummunan mu'amala ta jiki) → karɓar hanyar (UCD) → magani mai maimaitawa (takarda sannan samfurin jiki) → tabbatarwa (gwajin amfani). Yana kama da samfurin tsalle-tsalle na zane wanda Google Ventures ya shahara.

Ƙarfi & Aibobi: Ƙarfi: Mayar da hankali kan sake gyara yana da hikimar kasuwanci, yana magance babban kasuwar gidaje da suka wanzu. Yin amfani da ƙirar ƙira mara inganci don gano motsin jiki yana da inganci kuma yana da fahimta. Aibobi: Takardar ba ta da cikakkun bayanai na aiwatar da fasaha (misali, ainihin MCU, IC taɓawa), wanda ke sa kwafi ya zama mai wahala. Hakanan ta yi watsi da ƙalubalen haɗin kai tare da manyan ka'idojin IoT (ZigBee, Z-Wave, Matter), wanda shine ainihin fagen fama don karɓar kasuwa. Girman samfurin gwaji da al'umma mai yuwuwa suna da iyaka, wata matsala ta gama gari a cikin samfuran ilimi.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga manajan samfura, abin da za'a ɗauka a bayyane yake: saka hannun jari a cikin UCD don mu'amalar jiki da wuri. Kada a ɗauka cewa ƙa'idodin UX na dijital suna fassara kai tsaye. Ga injiniyoyi, aikin ya jaddada buƙatar kayan aiki wanda duka yake ɗan ƙasa nagari akan hanyoyin sadarwa na IoT kuma yana ba da gogewa mai zaman kanta mai kyau. Mataki na gaba shine gwada wannan zane a cikin bincike na tsawon lokaci, a cikin gida don tantance ci gaba da amfani da matsalolin haɗin kai.

7. Sakamakon Gwaji & Bayanin Ginshiƙi

Yayin da ainihin PDF ɗin bai ƙunshi ginshiƙai a bayyane ba, sakamakon da aka bayyana za'a iya gani a zahiri:

Ginshiƙi A: Kwatanta Lokacin Kammala Aiki: Zane-zanen sanduna zai nuna matsakaicin lokacin da ake ɗauka don kammala ainihin ayyuka (misali, "rage hasken ɗakin dafa abinci zuwa 50%") ta amfani da sabon maɓalli na UCD da maɓalli mai hikima na al'ada/ haɗin aikace-aikace. Muna tsammanin za mu ga raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin lokaci don maɓallin UCD, musamman ga masu amfani na farko.
Ginshiƙi B: Daidaiton Gane Motsin Jiki: Zane-zanen layi wanda ke nuna ƙimar daidaito (%) na tsarin wajen gane daidai motsin jiki da aka yi niyya (danna, zamewa, da sauransu) a cikin masu amfani da yawa da gwaje-gwaje. Ya kamata daidaito ya kasance mai girma akai-akai (>95%) don tsarin motsin jiki na ƙarshe.
Ginshiƙi C: Makon Ma'aunin Amfani na Tsarin (SUS): Zane-zanen rarraba wanda ke nuna makin SUS (daga 0-100) daga mahalarta. Maki sama da 68 ana ɗaukarsa sama da matsakaici. Tsarin UCD mai nasiha ya kamata ya haifar da maki cikin 70s ko 80s, yana nuna babban amfani da ake ganin.

8. Aikace-aikace na Gaba & Hanyoyin Ci Gaba

Tasirin ya wuce hasken:

Kwamitin Sarrafa Ayyuka Da Yawa: Hanya ɗaya ta UCD da kayan aiki na iya ƙirƙira allunan bango ɗaya don sarrafa yanayi, labule, da tsaro, rage cunkoson mu'amala.
Haɗin Ra'ayi na Haptic: Ƙara amsoshin haptic masu sauƙi (misali, jin danna don sauya) zai iya haɓaka sauƙin fahimta, kamar yadda ake gani a wayoyin hannu, yana haɗa gibin ra'ayi na allon taɓawa.
Sanin Mahalli Mai Ƙarfin AI: Maɓallai na gaba za su iya haɗa hasken mahalli da na'urori masu auna motsi, ta amfani da samfuran koyon injina masu sauƙi don hasashen niyyar mai amfani da kuma sarrafa ayyuka yayin riƙe sauya hannu cikin sauƙi.
Daidaituwa & Haɗin Tsarin Muhalli: Babban alkibla na gaba shine bin ka'idojin da ke tasowa kamar Matter, tabbatar da cewa maɓallin yana aiki lafiya tare da samfuran Apple, Google, Amazon, da sauransu, matsawa daga samfuri na keɓancewa zuwa samfuri mai haɗin kai.

9. Nassoshi

Weiser, M. (1991). Kwamfuta don Ƙarni na 21. Scientific American, 265(3), 94-105.
Norman, D. A. (2013). Zanen Abubuwan Yau da Kullun: Bita da Faɗaɗa. Littattafai na Asali.
Knapp, J., Zeratsky, J., & Kowitz, B. (2016). Tsalle-tsalle: Yadda ake Magance Manyan Matsaloli da Gwada Sabbin Ra'ayoyi a cikin Kwanaki Biyar Kacal. Simon & Schuster.
Apple Inc. (2023). Jagororin Mu'amalar ɗan Adam na iOS: Motsin Jiki. An samo daga developer.apple.com/design/human-interface-guidelines/gestures
Ƙungiyar Daidaituwar Haɗin kai. (2023). Ƙayyadaddun Matter. An samo daga csa-iot.org/all-solutions/matter
Philips Hue. (2023). Gidan Yanar Gizo na Hukuma. An samo daga www.philips-hue.com