Wallets a matsayin Na'urorin Samun Duniya a cikin Tattalin Arzikin Web3

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa

Wallet ɗin dijital suna wakiltar muhimmin hanyar shiga tsarin Web3, suna aiki a matsayin farkon mu'amala tsakanin masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar blockchain. Ba kamar takwarorinsu na Web2 daga manyan kamfanonin fasaha kamar Facebook da Google ba, wallet ɗin blockchain sun ɗauki muhimman ka'idoji na rarrabawa da ikon mai amfani. Canjawa daga tsarin adana bayanai na tsakiya zuwa tsarin gina na kai yana nuna sauyi mai muhimmanci a cikin sarrafa kadarorin dijital, yana ba da matakin sarrafa mai amfani da shiga tattalin arziki da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba.

2. Muhimman Ra'ayoyi da Ma'anoni

Wallet ɗin blockchain suna aiki azaman tsare-tsaren sarrafa makullai na rubutun sirri waɗanda ke bawa masu amfani damar yin mu'amala da hanyoyin sadarwa masu rarrabawa. A cewar Popchev da sauransu (2023), an ayyana wallet ɗin blockchain a matsayin "hanyar aiki (na'ura, kayan aiki na jiki, software, ko sabis), yana aiki ta hanyar nau'ikan makullai na rubutun sirri, wanda ke bawa masu amfani damar yin mu'amala da nau'ikan kadarorin da suka dogara da blockchain kuma yana aiki azaman mu'amalar mutum ɗaya zuwa tsarin blockchain."

2.1 Tsarin Gina Wallet da Aiwalarwa

Aiwalarwar wallet na zamani sun ƙunshi nau'ikan siffofi da yawa: aikace-aikacen software akan wayoyin hannu, aikace-aikacen yanar gizo akan dandamalin tebur, da na'urorin kayan aiki na musamman. Kowane aiwalarwa yana gabatar da bambance-bambance tsakanin tsaro, dacewa, da samun dama. Tsarin ginin yawanci ya haɗa da sassan samarwa na makullai, sassan sanya hannu kan ma'amala, da sassan mu'amalar hanyar sadarwa waɗanda ke sadarwa tare da nodes ɗin blockchain.

2.2 Tsare-tsaren Gudanar da Makulli

Tushen rubutun sirri na wallet ya dogara ne akan tsarin gina makullai na jama'a (PKI) inda masu amfani ke sarrafa makullan sirri waɗanda ke samar da adiresoshin jama'a masu dacewa. Hanyoyin sarrafa makullai na ci gaba sun haɗa da wallet ɗin da aka ƙaddara (HD), tsare-tsaren sanya hannu da yawa, da hanyoyin dawo da abokan hulɗa waɗanda ke haɓaka tsaro yayin kiyaye samun dama mai dacewa ga mai amfani.

3. Tsarin Tsaro da Tushen Rubutun Sirri

Tsaron wallet ɗin blockchain ya dogara ne akan ingantattun aiwalarwar rubutun sirri da hanyoyin ajiye makullai masu tsaro. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin rubutun, ana ɗaukar wallet a matsayin wurare masu rauni a cikin tsaron blockchain, wanda ke buƙatar ci gaba da inganta hanyoyin kariya.

3.1 Tushen Rubutun Sirri

Tsaron wallet ya ginu akan ingantattun algorithm na rubutun sirri da suka haɗa da rubutun sirri na elliptic curve (ECC) don samar da makullai, musamman ma curve ɗin secp256k1 da ake amfani da shi a Bitcoin da Ethereum. Tushen lissafi don samar da makullai yana biye da:

Makullin sirri: $k \in [1, n-1]$ inda $n$ shine tsari na elliptic curve

Makullin jama'a: $K = k \cdot G$ inda $G$ shine ma'anar janareta

Samar da adireshi: $A = \text{Hash}(K)$ inda Hash yawanci yana wakiltar Keccak-256 ko ayyuka makamantansu

3.2 Binciken Tsarin Barazana

Dole ne tsaron wallet ya magance hanyoyin barazana da yawa da suka haɗa da hare-haren satar bayanai, malware da ke niyyar makullan sirri, satar na'urorin jiki, da hare-haren gefen tashoshi. Aiwalarwar sassan tsaro na kayan aiki (HSMs) da wuraren tsaro masu tsaro suna ba da ƙarin kariya daga hare-haren da suka dogara da software.

4. Kwarewar Mai Amfani da Matsalolin Shiga

Rubutun ya jaddada cewa masu amfani da wallet suna buƙatar babban tsaro, sauƙin amfani, da damar shiga da suka dace. Tashin hankali tsakanin buƙatun tsaro da amfani yana gabatar da manyan matsalolin shiga. Magungunan na yanzu suna fama da rikitattun kalmomin dawo da bayanai, hanyoyin tabbatar da ma'amala, da haɗin kai tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwar blockchain daban-daban.

5. Tasirin Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewa

Yuwuwar canji na tsarin wallet na ci gaba ya wuce dacewar mutum ɗaya zuwa ga tasirin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mai faɗi. A matsayin na'urorin samun duniya, wallet suna ba da damar shiga cikin tattalin arzikin dijital na duniya tare da rage matsalolin shiga.

5.1 Sabbin Tsarin Kasuwanci

Rubutun ya nuna cewa sabbin tsarin kasuwanci sun zama dole don amfani da damar wallet gaba ɗaya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tattalin arzikin ƙananan ma'amala, ƙungiyoyin cin gashin kansu masu rarrabawa (DAOs), da sarrafa kadarorin da aka sanya alama, duk suna samun dama ta tsarin samun dama na wallet.

5.2 La'akari da Rabewar Dijital

Duk da yake wallet suna yi wa'adin ƙarfafa dijital, akwai haɗarin ƙara tsananin rabewar dijital. Dole ne magungunan su magance samun dama ga mutanen da ba su da ilimin fasaha ko ƙayyadaddun damar samun na'urorin kwamfuta na ci gaba.

6. Jagororin Gaba da Kalubalen Bincike

Rubutun ya gano wasu abubuwan da ke tasowa da suka haɗa da AI da ke cikin wallet don tallafin keɓantacce, ingantattun damar aiki ba tare da intanet ba, da ingantattun ƙa'idodin haɗin kai. Kalubalen bincike sun haɗa da aiwalarwar rubutun sirri mai jure wa quantum, ka'idojin sadarwa tsakanin sarkakkiyu, da hanyoyin ma'amala masu kiyaye sirri.

7. Binciken Fasaha da Tsarin Lissafi

Ayyukan rubutun sirri a cikin wallet suna bin ƙa'idodin lissafi masu tsauri. Don sanya hannu kan ma'amala, Algorithm ɗin Sa hannu na Dijital na Elliptic Curve (ECDSA) yana ba da tushe:

Samar da sa hannu: An ba da saƙo $m$, makullin sirri $d$, da makullin wucin gadi $k$:

$r = x_1 \mod n$ inda $(x_1, y_1) = k \cdot G$

$s = k^{-1}(z + r d) \mod n$ inda $z$ shine hash ɗin saƙon

Tabbitar sa hannu: An ba da sa hannu $(r, s)$, makullin jama'a $Q$, da saƙo $m$:

$w = s^{-1} \mod n$

$u_1 = z w \mod n$, $u_2 = r w \mod n$

$(x_1, y_1) = u_1 \cdot G + u_2 \cdot Q$

Tabbitar $r = x_1 \mod n$

8. Sakamakon Gwaji da Ma'aunin Aiki

Kwanan nan binciken aiwalarwar wallet ya nuna bambance-bambance masu muhimmanci a cikin halayen aiki. Bincikenmu na lokutan sanya hannu kan ma'amala a cikin nau'ikan wallet daban-daban ya nuna:

Bambance-bambance tsakanin tsaro, aiki, da amfani suna bayyana a cikin waɗannan ma'auni, tare da wallet ɗin kayan aiki suna ba da mafi girman tsaro a farashin saurin ma'amala.

9. Nazarin Shari'a: Aiwalarwar Asalin Shaidar Kai

Rubutun ya nuna asalin shaidar kai (SSI) a matsayin babban yanki na aikace-aikace don tsarin wallet na ci gaba. A cikin tsarin bincikenmu, muna nazarin aiwalarwar SSI ta amfani da masu gano rarrabawa (DIDs) da shaidu masu tabbaci (VCs).

10. Bayanan Kara

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2. Swan, M. (2019). Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy. O'Reilly Media.
3. Cai, W., Wang, Z., Ernst, J. B., Hong, Z., Feng, C., & Leung, V. C. (2018). Decentralized Applications: The Blockchain-Empowered Software System. IEEE Access, 6, 53019-53033.
4. Park, J. H., Salim, M. M., Jo, J. H., & Sicato, J. C. S. (2023). Blockchain-Based Quantum-Resistant Security Framework for IoT Devices. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 10(5), 4202-4214.
5. Popchev, I., Orozova, D., & Stoyanov, I. (2023). Blockchain Wallets: Architecture, Security and Usability. Computers & Security, 124, 102945.
6. Swan, M., & de Filippi, P. (2017). Toward a Philosophy of Blockchain: A Symposium. Metaphilosophy, 48(5), 603-619.